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The tail suspension test is among the most widely utilized rodent model of depression. When mice are suspended by the tail to a tail hanger, they will normally undertake an initial period of vigorous struggling after which the animal gradually abates into immobility. The duration of immobility has been inferred as an index of behavioral despair.
2 automated cages are used (MED Associates Inc, St Albans, Vermont).
10 mice per group are recommended for reliable data analysis.
In the forced swim procedure, mice are forced to swim in unescapable situation. After a period of vigorous struggling, the animal becomes immobile, or makes only those movements necessary to keep its head above the water. The immobility observed in this test is considered to reflect a state of despair.
Glass beakers filled with water at 22-23 °C.
10 mice per group are recommended for reliable data analysis.
Anhedonia, or reduced sensitivity to pleasure, is one of the core symptoms of depression which can be modeled in animals. The hedonic behavior can be evaluated by measuring the preference for sucrose when the animal has free access to two bottles containing either a sucrose solution or water.
Specific bottles for evaluation of liquid consumption.
10 mice per group are recommended for reliable data analysis